Poland through the eyes of Eurostat Data

MK

April 2024

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Energy

The source of the analyzed data is the eurostat API from the eurostat package. As of the date of the analyses, the latest data cover the year 2022 for all EU countries.

Data Understanding

The analyzed data set contains information on consumption, production and energy sources. Differentiating the industry (nace_r2 classification), country (limited to EU countries) and reporting period (2008-2022) with clear gaps in the continuity of reporting by individual countries. All values are in Terajoule units.

95k 12k 95k 108k 95k 168k 95k 96k 95k 96k 95k 96k 95k 86k 95k 144k 95k 95k 96k 55k 95k 132k 95k 95k 95k 143k 95k 96k 95k 96k 95k 96k 95k 96k 95k 168k 95k 144k 95k 86k 95k 76k 95k 96k 95k 57k 95k 48k 95k 156k 95k 96k 95k 264k 95k 57k 95k 72k 95k 62k 95k 168k 95k 96k 107k 156k 100k 64k 95k 60k Portugal Belgium Italy Slovenia Sweden Norway Denmark Latvia Germany Finland Austria Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus France Hungary Iceland Ireland Malta Poland Spain Greece Estonia Czechia Lithuania Luxembourg Serbia Switzerland Slovakia Türkiye Netherlands Romania European Union - 27 countries (from 2020) North Macedonia Albania 0 100 200 300 of records (thousends) Missing data NA Value divided by a country / a group of countries How many records are avaiable? Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu

Production

Since the subject of this analysis is Poland, I will start by comparing it in the context of other EU countries in terms of energy production and population. This will help position Poland in relation to other member states.

Belgium Czechia Germany Greece Spain France Italy Poland Sweden 5 10 15 15 30 45 60 75 90 population (in milions of people) energy production (in milions of terajoules) the latest period marked with a point How does the polish energetic industry perform compare to other european countries with similar characteristics? Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu; demo_r_d2jan

  1. Compared to other European economies most similar to Poland in terms of population, Poles consume much less electricity per person than other countries - the only exception here is Italy. In turn, the economy with the highest electricity consumption per person is Germany.

  2. The more populated a country is, the more pronounced are the fluctuations caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. This may indicate the high industrialization of these countries - downtime in the production of goods resulted in a significant decline in electricity consumption. This thesis is confirmed in the case of the largest economies - German and French.

  3. Interestingly, none of the economies returned to their previous state of energy consumption in 2022, when restrictions and restrictions related to the pandemic were no longer so stringent.

  4. Poland is one of the biggest energy producers, mainly due to the its population

However, these are very general and abstract sentences. Not very appealing to our heuristics and intuition. So let’s look from the perspective of an average citizen.

0.03 0.16 0.3 0.16 0.1 0.09 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.4 0.18 0.2 0.21 0.14 0.85 0.16 0.15 0.09 0.35 0.22 0.06 0.06 0.36 0.15 TJ per person 0.14 0.09 0.12 0.19 0.14 0.18 0.28 0.11 Albania North Macedonia Malta Latvia Cyprus Romania Croatia Switzerland Serbia Slovenia Hungary Portugal Italy Poland Ireland Bulgaria Austria Spain France Slovakia Germany Greece Luxembourg Estonia Czechia Denmark Sweden Belgium Lithuania Norway Finland Iceland 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 Consumption in TJ / 1 person energy production (in milions of terajoules) the latest period marked with a point How does Poland compare to other european countries with similar characteristics? Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu

  1. The average Pole does not consume (relatively) large amounts of energy. In this respect, it is definitely on the side of the eastern part of Europe, which closes this ranking.

  2. Of course, consumption also results directly from the industrialization of a given country - production markets will be largely responsible for the increase in this statistic.

If we want to convert 0.15TJ, which is still abstract for the average consumer, let’s play a little with mathematics.

That is, 52 people (with an average requirement of 2000 kcal) could eat chocolate all year round! The average Pole consumes so much electricity per year that converting it into its caloric equivalent will result in 7 tons of chocolate. Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu

After converting energy consumption into kcal, assuming the caloric value of chocolate at the level of 546kcal/100g, it turns out that the average Pole consumes the equivalent of electricity, which would allow for 7 tons of chocolate - that is, feeding 52 people for a whole year! Moving on to more realistic calculations, the same amount of energy would be sufficient for Tesla Model X circle the Earth along the equator approximately 6,372 times! Or to go on the moon 664 times :)

Now that we know how much energy we use, it’s time to think about what we actually use?

435'650Tj 1'066'426Tj 1'473'833Tj 550'440Tj 744'317Tj 612'550Tj Brown coal and peat Crude oil, NGL, and other hydrocarbons (excl. bio) Hard coal Natural gas (without bio) Others Transport diesel (without bio) 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Energy source (Terajules) energy source with stake below 5% classified as others What drives Polish development? Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu

No major surprise - Poland consumes most of the energy from hard coal. An interesting case is also natural gas, which is characterized by high variability of use over the years. This may indicate problems with the use (power plants) or delivery of this raw material to Poland.

However, returning to coal - is it an exception on a global scale; is Poland extremely carbon-intensive?

As the map above shows, Poland is the leader in this infamous ranking. Interestingly, it is followed by Germany - with 12% of energy sources in the form of hard coal.

Waste

Knowing where Poland stands on the European stage in terms of production, I will now look at how much this production is used - this will be an introduction to the study of how Poland (but also other countries) manage their energy.

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Switzerland Cyprus Czechia Germany Denmark Estonia Greece Spain Finland France Croatia Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Latvia Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania Serbia Sweden Slovenia Slovakia Türkiye Poland 100 1000 10000 100000 100 1000 10000 100000 Waste of renewable energy (Terajules) Waste of non-renewable energy (Terajules) compared to other eu countries in years 2008-2022; size idicates a total energy production, the latest period marked with a point Is Poland wasting its energy? Author: MK data source: eurostat dataset id:env_ac_pefasu

  1. In the ranking of energy waste, the top has undergone some changes, while Poland still holds a high position, interestingly - in recent years there has been a tendency to waste energy from renewable sources - this may be a consequence of a wild energy revolution, the potential of which is wasted due to lack of energy storage and, in general, inadequate infrastructure.

  2. Even though Poland is ahead of countries such as Spain or Italy in this infamous ranking, it is not (at least based on these data) in the worst situation. Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, known for their extensive use of renewable energy, are doing much worse.